![]() The articular surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint are generally incongruent, so compatibility is provided by the medial and lateral meniscus. ![]() The medial tibial articular surface is somewhat oval shaped along its anteroposterior length, while the lateral articular surface is more circular in shape The tibial plateaus are the two slightly concave superior surfaces of the condyles located at the proximal end of the tibia, and are separated by a bony protuberance known as the intercondylar eminence. Along the posterior aspect of the distal femur, there are paired rough elevations above the medial and lateral epicondyles known as the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges. The roughened outer surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles are defined as medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively. The medial condyle is larger, more narrow and further projected than its lateral counterpart, which accounts for the angle between the femur and the tibia. The lateral and medial condyles are two bony projections located at the distal end of the femur, which have a smooth convex surface, and are separated posteriorly by a deep groove known as the intercondylar fossa. The tibiofemoral joint is an articulation between the lateral and medial condyles of the distal end of the femur and the tibial plateaus, both of which are covered by a thick layer of hyaline cartilage. This article will discuss the anatomy and function of the knee joint. Genicular branches of lateral circumflex femoral artery, femoral artery, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery and popliteal arteryĮxtension, flexion, medial rotation, lateral rotation Intracapsular ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscusįemoral nerve (nerve to vastus medialis, saphenous nerve) tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves, posterior division of the obturator nerve Patellofemoral joint: patellar surface of femur, posterior surface of patellaĮxtracapsular ligaments: patellar ligament, medial and lateral patellar retinacula, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, anterolateral ligament (ALL) Tibiofemoral joint: lateral and medial condyles of femur, tibial plateaus Tibiofemoral joint: Synovial hinge joint uniaxial It also allows slight medial rotation during flexion and the last stage of extension of the knee, as well as lateral rotation when “unlocking” the knee. As a hinged joint, the knee joint mostly allows movement along one axis in terms of flexion and extension of the knee in the sagittal plane. The arrangement of the extracapsular and intracapsular and ligaments, as well as extensions of muscles that cross the joint, provide the much needed stability that counters the considerable biomechanical stress brought upon the joint. The arrangement of the bones in the joint provides a fulcrum that translates the actions of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee. The knee joint is the largest and arguably the most stressed joint in the body. The tibiofemoral joint is an articulation between the tibia and the femur, while the patellofemoral joint is an articulation between the patella and the femur. It is a complex hinge joint composed of two articulations the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint. The knee joint is a synovial joint that connects three bones the femur, tibia and patella.
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